Effects of apple cider vinegar on growth performance and non-specific immune parameters of skin mucus in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings
Downloads
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of apple cider vinegar on growth performance and non-specific immune parameters of skin mucus (alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme and total protein) in common carp fingerlings. For this purpose, a total of 240 fish were stocked in twelve tanks for four treatment with three replications and fed by diets supplemented with 0, 1, 2 and 4 % apple cider vinegar for 60 days. The result showed that there was no significant difference in body weight increase (BWI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and condition factor (CF) among the treatments (P>0.05). The results revealed that there is no significant difference among skin mucus alkaline phosphatase of fish in all treatments. Although skin mucus lysozyme activity and total protein significantly increased by apple cider vinegar in comparison with the control group. The highest and lowest skin mucus lysozyme activity and total protein in common carp fingerlings were observed at 2% apple cider vinegar and control group, respectively. Therefore, apple cider vinegar improves skin mucus lysozyme activity and total protein and can be a good candidate for antibiotic replacement in common carp fingerlings.
Downloads
Alderman D., Hastings T. (1998). Antibiotic use in aquaculture: development of antibiotic resistance–potential for consumer health risks. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 33: 139-155.
Ashida T., Okimasu E. (2005). Immunostimulatory effects of fermented vegetable product on the non-specific immunity of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Fisheries Science, 71: 257-262.
Bairwa K.M., Jakhar J., Reddy A.D. (2012). Animal and plant originated immunostimulants used in aquaculture. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, 2(3): 397-400.
Beheshti Z., Chan Y.H., Sharif Nia H., Hajihosseini F., Nazari R., Shaabani M., Taghi Omran M.T. (2012). Influence of apple cider vinegar on blood lipids. Life Science Journal, 9: 2431-2440.
Budak N.H., Kumbul Doguc D., Savas C.M, Seydim A.C., Kok Tas T., Ciris M.I. Guzel-Seydim Z.B. (2011). Effects of apple cider vinegars produced with different techniques on blood lipids in high-cholesterol-fed rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 22-59(12): 6638-6644.
Chakraborty S.B., Hancz C. (2011). Application of phytochemicals as immunostimulant, antipathogenic and antistress agents in finfish culture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 3: 103-119.
Chakraborty S.B., Horn P., Hancz C. (2014). Application of phytochemicals as growth"promoters and endocrine modulators in fish culture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 6: 1-19.
Fazelan Z., Hoseini S.M., Yousefi M., Khalili M., Hoseinifar S.H., Van Doan H. (2020). Effects of dietary eucalyptol administration on antioxidant and inflammatory genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to ambient copper. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 734988.
Hoseini S.M., Hoseinifar S.H., Doan H.V. (2018). Effect of dietary eucalyptol on stress markers, enzyme activities and immune indicators in serum and hematological characteristics of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to toxic concentration of ambient copper. Aquaculture Research, 49: 3045-3054.
Hoseini S.M., Hosseini S.A., Eskandari S., Amirahmadi M. (2016). Effect of dietary taurine and methionine supplementation on growth performance, body composition, taurine retention and lipid status of Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus (Borodin, 1897), fed with plant"based diet. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24: 324-331.
Hoseini S.M., Taheri Mirghaed A., Ghelichpour M. (2020a). Effects of dietary tryptophan levels and fish stocking density on immunological and antioxidant responses and bactericidal activity against Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Research, (In Press)
Hoseini S.M., Taheri Mirghaed A., Ghelichpour M., Pagheh E., Iri Y., Abdolvahhab K. (2020b). Effects of dietary tryptophan supplementation and stocking density on growth performance and stress responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), (In Press)
Hoseini S.M., Yousefi M. (2019). Beneficial effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract on oxytetracycline-induced stress response, immunosuppression, oxidative stress and enzymatic changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Nutrition, 25: 298-309.
Hoseinifar S.H., Zoheiri F., Caipang C.M. (2016). Dietary sodium propionate improved performance, mucosal and humoral immune responses in Caspian white fish (Rutilus frisii kutum) fry Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 50: 255-262.
Hossain M.A., Pandey A., Satoh S. (2007). Effects of organic acids on growth and phosphorus utilization in red sea bream (Pagrus major). Fisheries Science, 73(6): 1309-1317.
Iman M., Moallem S.A., Barahoyee A. (2015). Effect of apple cider vinegar on blood glucose level in diabetic mice. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20: 163-168.
Ingram G.A. (1980). Substances involved in the natural resistance of fish to infection-a review. Journal of Fish Biology, 16: 23-60.
Lee C.-S., Lim C., Webster C.D., (2015). Dietary nutrients, additives, and fish health. Wiley-Blackwell, NJ, USA, 355 p.
Lowry O.H., Rosebrough N.J., Farr A.L., Randall R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal Biology and Chemistray, 265-275.
NazıroÄŸlu M., Guler M., Saydam G., Kí¼í§í¼kayaz M., Sözbir E. (2014). Apple cider vinegar modulates serum lipid profile, erythrocyte, kidney, and liver membrane oxidative stress in ovariectomized mice fed high cholesterol. The Journal of Membrane Biology, 24: 667-673.
Ng W.K., Koh C.B., Sudesh K., SitiZahrah A. (2009). Effects of dietary organic acids on growth, nutrient digestibility and gut microflora of red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp., and subsequent survival during a challenge test with Streptococcus agalactiae. Aquaculture Research, 40(13): 1490-1500.
NRC. (2011). Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. National Academies Press, Washington D.C., USA.
Pourmozaffar, S., Hajimoradloo, A., Kolangi Miandare, H. (2017). Dietary effect of apple cider vinegar and propionic acid on immune related transcriptional responses and growth performance in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 60: 65-71.
Rajabiesterabadi H., Yousefi M., Hoseini S.M. (2020). Enhanced haematological and immune responses in common carp Cyprinus carpio fed with olive leaf extract"supplemented diets and subjected to ambient ammonia. Aquaculture Nutrition, (In Press)
Ross N., Firth K., Wang A., Burka J.F., Johnson S. (2000). Changes in hydrolytic enzyme activities of naive Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) skin mucus due to infection with the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis and cortisol implantation. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 41: 43-51.
Safari R., Hoseinifar S.H., Nejadmoghadam S., Khalili M. (2017). Apple cider vinegar boosted immunomodulatory and health promoting effects of Lactobacillus casei in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 67: 441-448.
Saurabh Sh., Sahoo P.K. (2008). Lysozyme: an important defence molecule of fish innate immune system. Aquaculture Research, 39: 223-239.
Subramanian S., MacKinnon S.L., Ross N.W. (2007). A comparative study on innate immune parameters in the epidermal mucus of various fish species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 148: 256-63.
Taheri Mirghaed A., Hoseini S.M., Ghelichpour M. (2018). Effects of dietary 1, 8-cineole supplementation on physiological, immunological and antioxidant responses to crowding stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 81: 182-188.
Taheri Mirghaed A., Yarahmadi P., Soltani M., Paknejad H., Hoseini S.M. (2019). Dietary sodium butyrate (Butirex® C4) supplementation modulates intestinal transcriptomic responses and augments disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 92: 621-628.
Tort L., Balasch J.C., Mackenzie S. (2003). Fish immune system. A crossroads between innate and adaptive responses. Imunología, 22: 277-286.
Yagnik D., Serafin V., Shahin A. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of apple cider vinegar against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans; downregulating cytokine and microbial protein expression. Scientific Reports, 8: 1-12.
Yonar M.E. (2012). The effect of lycopene on oxytetracycline-induced oxidative stress and immunosuppression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 32: 994-1001.
Yousefi M., Hoseini S.M., Vatnikov Y.A., Kulikov E.V., Drukovsky S.G. (2019). Rosemary leaf powder improved growth performance, immune and antioxidant parameters, and crowding stress responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 505: 473-480.
Yousefi M., Hoseinifar S.H., Ghelichpour M., Hoseini S.M. (2018). Anesthetic efficacy and biochemical effects of citronellal and linalool in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) juveniles. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 493: 107-112.
Yousefi M., Shabunin S.V., Vatnikov Y.A., Kulikov E.V., Adineh H., Hamidi M.K., Hoseini S.M. (2020). Effects of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) extract inclusion in diet on growth performance, innate immunity, immune-related gene expression, and stress response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 515: 734588.
