GC-MS profiling and antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts from tissue-cultured Kappaphycus alvarezii and their effect on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance and hematological parameters
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This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds present in Kappaphycus alvarezii ethanol extracts using various solvent ratios, through GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity assays. The ultimate goal is to provide critical insights supporting the application of K. alvarezii extract as a feed additive in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The research was conducted in two experimental phases. Phase 1 involved the preparation of ethanol extracts using three different solvent ratios: 1:3 (A), 1:4 (B), and 1:5 (C). Each extract was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to profile the chemical constituents, followed by evaluation of their antioxidant activity. Phase 2 assessed the application of these ethanol extracts in commercial fish feed over a 40-day rearing period. Four dietary treatments were tested: commercial feed only (P1), and commercial feed supplemented with K. alvarezii extract at ratios of 1:3 (P2), 1:4 (P3), and 1:5 (P4). A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates per treatment was employed, resulting in a total of 12 experimental units. Growth performance and survival rate of Nile tilapia were evaluated. GC-MS profiling revealed that the ethanol extracts were dominated by palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), a compound known for its antioxidant potential. The extract with a 1:3 solvent ratio exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with an IC?? value of 34.66 ppm. Application of this extract in fish feed significantly influenced growth and survival performance. The 1:3 treatment yielded the best results, enhancing absolute weight gain (4.51±0.47 g), specific growth rate (1±0.07%/day), and achieving a 100% survival rate. Additionally, this treatment improved the fish’s health status, as indicated by elevated erythrocyte counts (306,000 cells µL?¹) and hematocrit levels (25.7%).
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