Recent advances and challenges in the industrial-scale production of probiotics in aquaculture
Downloads
Abstract: Probiotics have emerged as a transformative solution for improving health, growth, and disease resistance in aquaculture, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional practices. This review focuses on updates and advancements in the industrial-scale production of probiotics for aquaculture, emphasizing their significance in fostering eco-friendly aquaculture systems. The development of probiotics tailored for aquaculture has seen substantial progress, with species like Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Saccharomyces dominating the market due to their proven benefits. Emerging technologies are revolutionizing industrial production, including large-scale fermentation techniques designed to enhance yield and maintain viability, alongside innovative microencapsulation methods that improve the stability and shelf-life of probiotic formulations. Advances in quality control and standardization are also enabling the production of high-quality, consistent products, meeting both industry demands and regulatory standards. However, industrial production is not without its challenges. Technical issues, such as optimizing strains for mass production and ensuring their functionality under diverse aquaculture conditions, remain critical hurdles. Economic and regulatory barriers, including high production costs and stringent compliance requirements, further complicate large-scale implementation. Despite these challenges, the sector holds immense potential, with emerging opportunities in strain optimization and integrative approaches using biofloc systems and advanced feed formulations. This review highlights the ongoing evolution of industrial probiotic production and underscores the need for multidisciplinary collaboration to address existing barriers. By leveraging technological innovations and fostering industry-academia partnerships, aquaculture can achieve more sustainable and efficient practices, paving the way for the broader application of probiotics on an industrial scale.
Downloads
Abdel-Latif H.M.R., El-Ashram S., Yilmaz S., Naiel M.A.E., Abdul Kari Z., Hamid N.K.A., Dawood M.A. O., Nowosad J., Kucharczyk D. (2022). The effectiveness of Arthrospira platensis and microalgae in relieving stressful conditions affecting finfish and shellfish species: An overview. Aquaculture Reports, 24: 101135.
Abdel-Rahman M.A., Tashiro Y., Sonomoto K. (2013). Recent advances in lactic acid production by microbial fermentation processes. Biotechnology Advances, 31(6): 877-902.
Abdulmawjood A., Herrmann J., Riede S., Jimenez G., Becker A., Breves G. (2019). Evaluation of enterotoxin gene expression and enterotoxin production capacity of the probiotic strain Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112T. PLOS ONE, 14(4): 1-15.
Abouelela M.E., Helmy Y.A. (2024). Next-generation probiotics as novel therapeutics for improving human health: current trends and future perspectives. Microorganisms, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/microo rganisms12030430
Agriopoulou S., Tarapoulouzi M., Varzakas T., Jafari S.M. (2023). Application of Encapsulation strategies for probiotics: From individual loading to co-encapsulation. Microorganisms, 11(12). https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ microorganisms11122896
Aguinaga Bósquez J.P., O?uz E., Cebeci A., Majadi M., Kiskó G., Gillay Z., Kovacs Z. (2022). Characterization and viability prediction of commercial probiotic supplements under temperature and concentration conditioning factors by nir spectroscopy. Fermentation, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8020066
Ali S., Mil H.G.J. van, Richardson M.K. (2011). Large-scale assessment of the zebrafish embryo as a possible predictive model in toxicity testing. PLOS ONE, 6(6): 1-11.
Araujo H.C.S., de Jesus M.S., Sandes R.D.D., Leite Neta M.T.S., Narain N. (2024). Functional cheeses: Updates on probiotic preservation methods. Fermentation, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10010008
Assefa A., Abunna F. (2018). Maintenance of fish health in aquaculture: Review of epidemiological approaches for prevention and control of infectious disease of fish. Veterinary Medicine International, 2018: 5432497.
Azaria S., van Rijn J. (2018). Off-flavor compounds in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS): Production and removal processes. Aquacultural Engineering, 83: 57-64.
Azimirad M., Meshkini S., Ahmadifard N., Hoseinifar S.H. (2016). The effects of feeding with synbiotic (Pediococcus acidilactici and fructooligosaccharide) enriched adult Artemia on skin mucus immune responses, stress resistance, intestinal microbiota and performance of angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 54: 516-522.
Balcázar J.L., de Blas I., Ruiz-Zarzuela I., Cunningham D., Vendrell D., Múzquiz J.L. (2006). The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Veterinary Microbiology, 114(3): 173-186.
Bandari N.M., Abootaleb M., Nikokar I., Karimli M. (2024). Biologically engineered probiotic supplement production containing phytase enzyme for livestock, poultry, and aquaculture consumption. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 85(1): 41.
Baral K.C., Bajracharya R., Lee, S.H., Han H.-K. (2021). Advancements in the pharmaceutical applications of probiotics: dosage forms and formulation technology. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 16: 7535-7556.
Barui K., Choudhury T.G., Kamilya D., Devi A.A., Monsang S.J., Rathore G., Devi W.M., Kumar M. (2024). Paraprobiotic supplementation to fish feed: effects on the immune support system and control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Labeo rohita. Aquaculture International, 32(4): 4225-4248.
Beitel S.M., Coelho L.F., Contiero J. (2020). Efficient conversion of agroindustrial waste into D(-) Lactic Acid by Lactobacillus delbrueckii using fed-batch fermentation. BioMed Research International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4194052
Bevilacqua A., Campaniello D., Speranza B., Racioppo A., Altieri C., Sinigaglia M., Corbo M.R. (2020). Microencapsulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae into alginate beads: A Focus on functional properties of released cells. Foods, 9(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ foods9081051
BFAR. (2022). 2022 Philippine Fisheries Profile.
Biswas S., Sarkar S., Saha S. (2023). Probiotics in aquaculture: a review on recent trends and application. International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Science, 2(1): 1-5.
Boaventura T.P., Miranda-Filho K.C., Oréfice R.L., Luz R.K. (2018). Influence of porosity of low-density polyethylene media on the maturation process of biofilters used in recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture International, 26(4): 1035-1049.
Bohnes F.A., Hauschild M.Z., Schlundt J., Nielsen M., Laurent A. (2022). Environmental sustainability of future aquaculture production: Analysis of Singaporean and Norwegian policies. Aquaculture, 549: 737717.
Bolmanis E., Dubencovs K., Suleiko A., Vanags J. (2023). Model predictive control—A stand out among competitors for fed-batch fermentation improvement. Fermentation, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ferment ation9030206
Bondad-Reantaso M.G., MacKinnon B., Karunasagar I., Fridman S., Alday-Sanz V., Brun E., Le Groumellec M., Li A., Surachetpong W., Karunasagar I., Hao B., Dall’Occo A., Urbani R., Caputo A. (2023). Review of alternatives to antibiotic use in aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 15(4): 1421-1451.
Boodhoo K.V.K., Flickinger M.C., Woodley J.M., Emanuelsson E.A.C. (2022). Bioprocess intensification: A route to efficient and sustainable biocatalytic transformations for the future. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 172: 108793.
Broeckx G., Vandenheuvel D., Claes I.J.J., Lebeer S., Kiekens F. (2016). Drying techniques of probiotic bacteria as an important step towards the development of novel pharmabiotics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 505(1): 303-318.
Bu W., McClements D.J., Zhang Z., Zhang R., Jin Z., Chen L. (2025). Encapsulation method of probiotic embedded delivery system and its application in food. Food Hydrocolloids, 159: 110625.
Caipang C.M.A., Lazado C.C. (2015). 9 - Nutritional impacts on fish mucosa: immunostimulants, pre- and probiotics. In: B.H. Beck, E. Peatman (Eds.), Mucosal Health in Aquaculture. Academic Press. pp: 211-272.
Calcagnile M., Tredici S.M., Alifano P. (2024). A comprehensive review on probiotics and their use in aquaculture: Biological control, efficacy, and safety through the genomics and wet methods. Heliyon, 10(24): e40892.
Chen B., Peng M., Tong W., Zhang Q., Song Z. (2020). The quorum quenching bacterium Bacillus licheniformis T-1 protects zebrafish against Aeromonas hydrophila Infection. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 12(1): 160-171.
Chen C., Li D., Li R., Shen F., Xiao G., Zhou J. (2021). Enhanced biosurfactant production in a continuous fermentation coupled with in situ foam separation. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 159: 108206.
Coghetto C.C., Brinques G.B., Ayub M.A.Z. (2016). Probiotics production and alternative encapsulation methodologies to improve their viabilities under adverse environmental conditions. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 67(8): 929-943.
Crab R., Defoirdt T., Bossier P., Verstraete W. (2012). Biofloc technology in aquaculture: Beneficial effects and future challenges. Aquaculture, 356-357: 351-356.
D’Rose V., Bhat S.G. (2023). Whole genome sequence analysis enabled affirmation of the probiotic potential of marine sporulater Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BTSS3 isolated from Centroscyllium fabricii. Gene, 864: 147305.
Desmond C., Fitzgerald G.F., Stanton C., Ross R.P. (2004). Improved stress tolerance of GroESL-overproducing Lactococcus lactis and probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(10): 5929-5936.
Dhanya Raj C.T., Suryavanshi M.V, Kandaswamy S., Ramasamy K.P., James R.A. (2023). Whole genome sequence analysis and in-vitro probiotic characterization of Bacillus velezensis FCW2 MCC4686 from spontaneously fermented coconut water. Genomics, 115(4): 110637.
Doran P.M. (2013). Chapter 14 - reactor engineering. In: P.M. Doran (Ed.), Bioprocess Engineering Principles, Second Edition, Academic Press. pp: 761-852.
Dube E. (2024). Nanoparticle-enhanced fish feed: Benefits and challenges. Fishes, 9(8). https://doi.org/ 10.3390/fishes9080322
Eghbal N., Choudhary R. (2018). Complex coacervation: Encapsulation and controlled release of active agents in food systems. LWT, 90: 254-264.
Elbahnaswy S., Elshopakey G.E., Abdelwarith A.A., Younis E.M., Davies S.J., El-Son M.A.M. (2024). Immune protective, stress indicators, antioxidant, histopathological status, and heat shock protein gene expression impacts of dietary Bacillus spp. against heat shock in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. BMC Veterinary Research, 20(1): 469.
Emam B.W., El-rewiny M.N., Zaid A.A.A., El-Tras W.F., Mohamed R.A. (2022). How feed and water additives are used on Egypt’s Nile tilapia farms. April, 1-10.
Endres J.R., Clewell A., Jade K.A., Farber T., Hauswirth J., Schauss A.G. (2009). Safety assessment of a proprietary preparation of a novel Probiotic, Bacillus coagulans, as a food ingredient. Food and Chemical Toxicology?: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 47(6): 1231-1238.
Fachri M., Amoah K., Huang Y., Cai J., Alfatat A., Ndandala C.B., Shija V.M., Jin X., Bissih F., Chen H. (2024). Probiotics and paraprobiotics in aquaculture?: a sustainable strategy for enhancing fish growth, health and disease prevention-a review. December, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1499228
FAO. (2024). FAO Report: Global fisheries and aquaculture production reaches a new record high. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/fao-report-global-fisheries-and-aquaculture-production-reaches-a-new-record-high/en
Faramarzi M., Jafaryan H., Roozbehfar R., Jafari M., Rashidi Y., Biria M. (2012). Influences of probiotic bacilli via bioencapsulated daphnia magna on resistance of persian sturgeon larvae against challenge tests. Global Veterinaria, 8(4): 421-425.
Feng K., Huangfu L., Liu C., Bonfili L., Xiang Q., Wu H., Bai Y. (2023). Electrospinning and Electrospraying: Emerging Techniques for Probiotic Stabilization and Application. Polymers, 15(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ polym15102402
Fenster K., Freeburg B., Hollard C., Wong C., Rønhave Laursen R., Ouwehand A.C. (2019). The production and delivery of probiotics: A review of a practical approach. Microorganisms, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/micro organisms7030083
Gaidhani K.A., Harwalkar M., Bhambere D., Nirgude P.S. (2015). Lyophilizaton/freeze drying a review. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(8): 517.
Galante N., Palavecino Prpich N., Campos C., Cayré M.E., Castro M. (2023). Alternative culture medium design for biomass production of autochthonous meat starter Latilactobacillus sakei sp. sakei ACU-2. Scientific Reports, 13(1): 5205.
Gao H., Ma L., Sun W., McClements D.J., Cheng C., Zeng H., Zou L., Liu W. (2022). Impact of encapsulation of probiotics in oil-in-water high internal phase emulsions on their thermostability and gastrointestinal survival. Food Hydrocolloids, 126, 107478.
Genisheva Z., Teixeira J.A., Oliveira J.M. (2014). Immobilized cell systems for batch and continuous winemaking. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 40(1): 33-47.
Gichana Z.M., Liti D., Waidbacher H., Zollitsch W., Drexler S., Waikibia J. (2018). Waste management in recirculating aquaculture system through bacteria dissimilation and plant assimilation. Aquaculture International, 26(6): 1541-1572.
Giri S.S. (2024). Sustainable aquaculture practices in South Asia: a comparative analysis of feed formulation and utilization. Animal Frontiers, 14(4): 6-16.
Gunarto G., Alfiansah Y.R., Muliani M., Tampangalo B.R., Herlinah H., Nurbaya N., Rosmiati R. (2024). Determining the doses of probiotics for application in Scylla tranquebarica (Fabricius 1798) larvae to produce crablet. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 27(3): 180-194.
Haffner F.B., Diab R., Pasc A. (2016). Encapsulation of probiotics: Insights into academic and industrial approaches. AIMS Materials Science, 3(1): 114-136.
Haji F., Cheon J., Baek J., Wang Q., Tam K.C. (2022). Application of pickering emulsions in probiotic encapsulation - A review. Current Research in Food Science, 5: 1603-1615.
Han M., Yang S., Song J., Gao Z. (2024). Layer-by-layer coated probiotics with chitosan and liposomes demonstrate improved stability and antioxidant properties in vitro. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 258: 128826.
Hassan M.A., Fathallah M.A., Elzoghby M.A., Salem M.G., Helmy M.S. (2022). Influence of probiotics on water quality in intensified Litopenaeus vannamei ponds under minimum-water exchange. AMB Express, 12(1): 22.
Hauville M.R., Zambonino-Infante J.L., Gordon Bell J., Migaud H., Main K.L. (2016). Effects of a mix of Bacillus sp. as a potential probiotic for Florida pompano, common snook and red drum larvae performances and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture Nutrition, 22(1): 51-60.
He X., Abakari G., Tan H., Liu W., Luo G. (2023). Effects of different probiotics (Bacillus subtilis) addition strategies on a culture of Litopenaeus vannamei in biofloc technology (BFT) aquaculture system. Aquaculture, 566: 739216.
He X., Yang W., Qin X. (2023). Ultrasound-assisted multilayer Pickering emulsion fabricated by WPI-EGCG covalent conjugates for encapsulating probiotics in colon-targeted release. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 97: 106450.
Hirsch E., Pantea E., Vass P., Domján J., Molnár M., Suhajda Á., Andersen S.K., Vigh T., Verreck G., Marosi G.J., Nagy Z.K. (2021). Probiotic bacteria stabilized in orally dissolving nanofibers prepared by high-speed electrospinning. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 128: 84-94.
Hoseinifar S.H., Esteban M.Á., Cuesta A., Sun Y.-Z. (2015). Prebiotics and Fish Immune Response: A Review of Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 23(4): 315-328.
Hoseinifar S.H., Sun Y.Z., Wang A., Zhou Z. (2018). Probiotics as means of diseases control in aquaculture, a review of current knowledge and future perspectives. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9(OCT): 1-18.
Jahangiri L., Esteban M.Á. (2018). Administration of Probiotics in the Water in Finfish Aquaculture Systems: A Review. Fishes, 3(3): 30-33.
Jaibiba P., Naga Vignesh S., Hariharan S. (2020). Working principle of typical bioreactors. In: L. Singh, A. Yousuf, D.M. Mahapatra (Eds.), Bioreactors. Elsevier. pp. 145–173.
James G., Das B.C., Jose S., Rejish R.K. (2021). Bacillus as an aquaculture friendly microbe. Aquaculture International, 29(1): 323-353.
Kechagia M., Basoulis D., Konstantopoulou S., Dimitriadi D., Gyftopoulou K., Skarmoutsou N., Fakiri E.M. (2013). Health benefits of probiotics: A review. ISRN Nutrition, 2013: 481651.
Kinyage J.P.H., Pedersen P.B., Pedersen L.-F. (2019). Effects of abrupt salinity increase on nitrification processes in a freshwater moving bed biofilter. Aquacultural Engineering, 84: 91-98.
Koh W.Y., Lim X.X., Tan T.-C., Kobun R., Rasti B. (2022). Encapsulated probiotics: Potential techniques and coating materials for non-dairy food applications. Applied Sciences, 12(19). https://doi.org/10.3390 /app121910005
Koutsoumanis K., Allende A., Álvarez-Ordóñez A., Bolton D., Bover-Cid S., Chemaly M., Davies R., De Cesare A., Herman L., Hilbert F., Lindqvist R., Nauta M., Ru G., Simmons M., Skandamis P., Suffredini E., Argüello H., Berendonk T., Cavaco L.M., … Peixe L. (2021). Role played by the environment in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the food chain. EFSA Journal, 19(6). https://doi.org/ 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6651
Kuenen J.G. (2019). Continuous cultures (Chemostats)?. In: T.M. Schmidt (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Fourth Edition) (Fourth Edi.). Academic Press. pp. 743-761.
Kumar V., Naik B., Kumar A., Khanduri N., Rustagi S., Kumar S. (2022). Probiotics media: significance, challenges, and future perspective - a mini review. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 4(1): 17.
Kumar V., Roy S., Behera B.K., Swain H.S., Das B.K. (2021). Biofloc Microbiome With Bioremediation and Health Benefits. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12(November). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021. 741164
Lai J., Azad A.K., Sulaiman W.M.A.W., Kumarasamy V., Subramaniyan V., Alshehade S.A. (2024). Alginate-based encapsulation fabrication technique for drug delivery: An Updated review of particle type, formulation technique, pharmaceutical ingredient, and targeted delivery system. Pharmaceutics, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16030370
Latif A., Shehzad A., Niazi S., Zahid A., Ashraf W., Iqbal M.W., Rehman A., Riaz T., Aadil R.M., Khan I.M., Özogul F., Rocha J.M., Esatbeyoglu T., Korma S.A. (2023). Probiotics: mechanism of action, health benefits and their application in food industries. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14(August). https://doi.org/10.3389/ fmicb.2023.1216674
Lee C.Y., Nakano A., Shiomi N., Lee E.K., Katoh S. (2003). Effects of substrate feed rates on heterologous protein expression by Pichia pastoris in DO-stat fed-batch fermentation. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 33(4): 358-365.
Legg S. (2024). World population prospects 2024: Summary of Results. Interaction (Melbourne), 52(3).
Lensch A., Lindfors H.A., Duwenig E., Fleischmann T., Hjort C., Kärenlampi S.O., McMurtry L., Melton E.-D., Andersen M.R., Skinner R., Wyss M., van Kranenburg R. (2024). Safety aspects of microorganisms deliberately released into the environment. EFB Bioeconomy Journal, 4: 100061.
Li S., Tran N.T. (2022). Paraprobiotics in Aquaculture. In: B. Austin, S.M. Sharifuzzaman (Eds.), Probiotics in Aquaculture. Springer International Publishing. pp: 131-164.
Liévin-Le Moal V. (2016). A gastrointestinal anti-infectious biotherapeutic agent: the heat-treated Lactobacillus LB. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, 9(1): 57-75.
Lim H., Shin H.S. (2011). Fed-batch cultures: Principles and applications of semi-batch bioreactors. Fed-Batch Cultures: Principles and Applications of Semi-Batch Bioreactors, 9780521513: 1-457.
Lindskog E.K. (2018). The Upstream Process: Principal Modes of Operation. In: G. Jagschies, E. Lindskog, K. ??cki, P. Galliher (Eds.), Biopharmaceutical Processing. Elsevier. pp: 625-635
Liu D., Li C., Guo H., Kong X., Lan L., Xu H., Zhu S., Ye Z. (2019). Start-up evaluations and biocarriers transfer from a trickling filter to a moving bed bioreactor for synthetic mariculture wastewater treatment. Chemosphere, 218: 696-704.
Luthman O., Robb D.H.F., Henriksson P.J.G., Jørgensen P.S., Troell M. (2024). Global overview of national regulations for antibiotic use in aquaculture production. Aquaculture International, 32(7): 9253-9270.
Maftei N.-M., Raileanu C.R., Balta A.A., Ambrose L., Boev M., Marin D.B., Lisa E.L. (2024). The potential impact of probiotics on human health: An update on their health-promoting properties. Microorganisms, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms1202023 4
Maksimenko A., Belyi L., Podvolotskaya A., Son O., Tekutyeva L. (2024). Exploring Sustainable Aquafeed Alternatives with a Specific Focus on the Ensilaging Technology of Fish Waste. Fermentation, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10050258
Markowiak P., ?li?ewska K. (2017). Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091021
Martínez Cruz P., Ibáñez A.L., Monroy Hermosillo O.A., Ramírez Saad H.C. (2012). Use of probiotics in aquaculture. ISRN Microbiology, 2012: 916845.
Masoomi Dezfooli S., Bonnot C., Gutierrez-Maddox N., Alfaro A.C., Seyfoddin A. (2022). Chitosan coated alginate beads as probiotic delivery system for New Zealand black footed abalone (Haliotis iris). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 139(29): 1-15.
Maulu S., Hasimuna O.J., Haambiya L.H., Monde C., Musuka C.G., Makorwa T.H., Munganga B.P., Phiri K.J., Nsekanabo J.D.M. (2021). Climate Change Effects on Aquaculture Production: Sustainability Implications, Mitigation, and Adaptations. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5(March). https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs. 2021.609097
Mears L., Stocks S.M., Sin G., Gernaey K.V. (2017). A review of control strategies for manipulating the feed rate in fed-batch fermentation processes. Journal of Biotechnology, 245, 34-46.
Melo-Bolívar J.F., Ruiz Pardo R. Y., Junca H., Sidjabat H.E., Cano-Lozano J.A., Villamil Díaz L.M. (2022). Competitive exclusion bacterial culture derived from the gut microbiome of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as a resource to efficiently recover probiotic strains: taxonomic, genomic, and functional proof of concept. Microorganisms, 10(7). https://doi.org/ 10.3390/microorganisms10071376
Merrifield D.L., Dimitroglou A., Foey A., Davies S.J., Baker R.T.M., Bøgwald J., Castex M., Ringø E. (2010). The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for salmonids. Aquaculture, 302(1): 1-18.
Mohamed K., Megahed M.E., Ali M.A.M. (2017). Effect of dietary supplementation of Agrimos® on growth performance, feed utilization and immunological parameters of Macrobrachium rosenbergii juveniles. Aquaculture International, 25(4): 1441-1452.
Mohammadi G., Hafezieh M., Karimi A.A., Azra M.N., Van Doan H., Tapingkae W., Abdelrahman H.A., Dawood M.A.O. (2022). The synergistic effects of plant polysaccharide and Pediococcus acidilactici as a synbiotic additive on growth, antioxidant status, immune response, and resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 120: 304-313.
Mohammadi G., Rafiee G., Abdelrahman H.A. (2020). Effects of dietary Lactobacillus plantarum (KC426951) in biofloc and stagnant-renewal culture systems on growth performance, mucosal parameters, and serum innate responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 46(3): 1167-1181.
Mohapatra S., Chakraborty T., Prusty A.K., Das P., Paniprasad K., Mohanta K.N. (2012). Use of different microbial probiotics in the diet of rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings: Effects on growth, nutrient digestibility and retention, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microflora. Aquaculture Nutrition, 18(1): 1-11.
Moran L.L., Yin Y., Cadwallader K.R., Padua G.W. (2014). Testing tools and physical, chemical, and microbiological characterization of microencapsulated systems. In: A.G. Gaonkar, N. Vasisht, A.R. Khare, R. Sobel (Eds.), Microencapsulation in the Food Industry. Academic Press. pp: 323-352.
Muchlisin Z.A., Murda T., Yulvizar C., Dewiyanti I., Fadli N., Afrido F., Siti-Azizah M.N., Muhammadar A.A. (2017). Growth performance and feed utilization of keureling fish Tor tambra (Cyprinidae) fed formulated diet supplemented with enhanced probiotic. F1000Research, 6: 137.
Mugwanya M., Dawood M.A.O., Kimera F., Sewilam H. (2022). Anthropogenic temperature fluctuations and their effect on aquaculture: A comprehensive review. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 7(3): 223-243.
Muñoz-Atienza E., Araújo C., Lluch N., Hernández P.E., Herranz C., Cintas L.M., Magadán S. (2015). Different impact of heat-inactivated and viable lactic acid bacteria of aquatic origin on turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) head-kidney leucocytes. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 44(1): 214-223.
Muñoz-Atienza E., Araújo C., Magadán S., Hernández P. E., Herranz C., Santos Y., Cintas L.M. (2014). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of lactic acid bacteria of aquatic origin as probiotics for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) farming. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 41(2): 570-580.
Muñoz C., González-Lorca J., Parra M., Soto S., Valdes N., Sandino A.M., Vargas R., González A., Tello M. (2021). Lactococcus lactis expressing type i interferon from atlantic salmon enhances the innate antiviral immune response in vivo and in vitro. Frontiers in Immunology, 12: 696781.
Murata M., Kondo J., Iwabuchi N., Takahashi S., Yamauchi K., Abe F., Miura K. (2018). Effects of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus paracasei MCC1849 supplementation on symptoms of the common cold and mood states in healthy adults. Beneficial Microbes, 9(6): 855-864.
Mustafa A.S. (2024). Whole genome sequencing: applications in clinical bacteriology. Medical Principles and Practice: International Journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre, 33(3): 185-197.
Myers S.S., Smith M.R., Guth S., Golden C.D., Vaitla B., Mueller N.D., Dangour A.D., Huybers P. (2017). Climate change and global food systems: Potential impacts on food security and undernutrition. Annual Review of Public Health, 38: 259-277.
Mzula A., Wambura P.N., Mdegela R.H., Shirima G.M. (2021). Present status of aquaculture and the challenge of bacterial diseases in freshwater farmed fish in Tanzania; A call for sustainable strategies. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 6(3): 247-253.
Nakharuthai C., Boonanuntanasarn S., Kaewda J., Manassila P. (2023). Isolation of potential probiotic Bacillus spp. from the intestine of nile tilapia to construct recombinant probiotic expressing cc chemokine and its effectiveness on innate immune responses in nile tilapia. Animals, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13060986
Nayak S.K. (2010). Probiotics and immunity: a fish perspective. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 29(1): 2-14.
Nezamdoost-Sani N., Amiri S., Mousavi Khaneghah A. (2024). The application of the coacervation technique for microencapsulation bioactive ingredients: A critical review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 18: 101431.
Oberoi K., Tolun A., Altintas Z., Sharma S. (2021). Effect of alginate-microencapsulated hydrogels on the survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Foods, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10091999
Omar A.A., Gado M.S., Kandel H.E., Farrag F.A., Shukry M. (2024). Probiotic efficacy in aquaculture: The role of technospore® (Bacillus coagulans) in improving Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) performance and disease resistance: a Study on gut health, immunological response, and gene expression. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12602-024-10279-3
Oyinloye T.M., Yoon W.B. (2020). Effect of freeze-drying on quality and grinding process of food produce: A review. Processes, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ pr8030354
Ozturk B., Elvan M., Ozer M., Tellioglu Harsa S. (2021). Effect of different microencapsulating materials on the viability of S. thermophilus CCM4757 incorporated into dark and milk chocolates. Food Bioscience, 44: 101413.
Padeniya U., Larson E.T., Septriani S., Pataueg A., Kafui A.R., Hasan E., Mmaduakonam O.S., Kim G.-D., Kiddane A.T., Brown C.L. (2022). Probiotic treatment enhances pre-feeding larval development and early survival in zebrafish Danio rerio. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 34(1): 3-11.
Paéz R., Lavari L., Vinderola G., Audero G., Cuatrin A., Zaritzky N., Reinheimer J. (2012). Effect of heat treatment and spray drying on lactobacilli viability and resistance to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Food Research International, 48(2): 748-754.
Pandelides Z., Arblaster J., Conder J. (2024). Establishing chronic toxicity effect levels for zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 43(1): 7-18.
Pandiyan P., Balaraman D., Thirunavukkarasu R., George E.G.J., Subaramaniyan K., Manikkam S., Sadayappan B. (2013). Probiotics in aquaculture. Drug Invention Today, 5(1): 55-59.
Pavadi P., Murthy H.S., Honnananda B.R., Choudhary B.K. (2018). Enhancement of growth, immunity, resistance and survival of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii against white muscle disease (WMD) due to dietary administration of Probiotic and Biogut. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7: 569-579.
Pepi M., Focardi S. (2021). Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture and climate change: A challenge for health in the mediterranean area. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115723
Perdichizzi A., Meola M., Caccamo L., Caruso G., Gai F., Maricchiolo G. (2023). Live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) supplementation in a european sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) diet: Effects on the growth and immune response parameters. Animals, 13(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13213383
Poddar D., Palmer J., Das S., Gaare M., Nag A., Singh H. (2022). Effect of Fluidized Bed Drying, Matrix Constituents and Structure on the Viability of Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei ATCC 55544 during Storage at 4°C, 2°C and 37°C. Microorganisms, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010074
Qi W., Zhu S., Shitu A., Ye Z., Liu D. (2020). Low concentration peroxymonosulfate and UVA-LED combination for E. coli inactivation and wastewater disinfection from recirculating aquaculture systems. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 36: 101362.
Rahayu S., Amoah K., Huang Y., Cai J., Wang B., Shija V. M., Jin X., Anokyewaa M.A., Jiang M. (2024). Probiotics application in aquaculture: its potential effects, current status in China and future prospects. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11(September): 1-23.
Rahimi S., Modin O., Mijakovic I. (2020). Technologies for biological removal and recovery of nitrogen from wastewater. Biotechnology Advances, 43: 107570.
Rajpurohit H., Eiteman M.A. (2022). Nutrient-Limited Operational Strategies for the Microbial Production of Biochemicals. Microorganisms, 10(11). https://doi.org/ 10.3390/microorganisms10112226
Rezagholizade-shirvan A., Soltani M., Shokri S., Radfar R., Arab M., Shamloo E. (2024). Bioactive compound encapsulation: Characteristics, applications in food systems, and implications for human health. Food Chemistry: X, 24: 101953.
Ridha M.T., Azad I.S. (2012). Preliminary evaluation of growth performance and immune response of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus supplemented with two putative probiotic bacteria. Aquaculture Research, 43(6): 843-852.
Ringø E. (2020). Probiotics in shellfish aquaculture. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 5(1): 1–27.
Ringø E., Hoseinifar S.H., Ghosh K., Doan H., Van Beck B.R., Song S.K. (2018). Lactic acid bacteria in finfish-An update. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9(AUG): 1-37.
Ringø E., Van Doan H., Lee S.H., Soltani M., Hoseinifar S.H., Harikrishnan R., Song S.K. (2020). Probiotics, lactic acid bacteria and bacilli: interesting supplementation for aquaculture. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 129(1): 116-136.
Rodrigues F.J., Cedran M.F., Bicas J.L., Sato H.H. (2020). Encapsulated probiotic cells: Relevant techniques, natural sources as encapsulating materials and food applications – A narrative review. Food Research International, 137: 109682.
Salgado J.M., Rodríguez N., Cortés S., Domínguez J. M. (2009). Development of cost-effective media to increase the economic potential for larger-scale bioproduction of natural food additives by Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Debaryomyces hansenii, and Aspergillus niger. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(21): 10414-10428.
Santos K.O., Costa-Filho J., Spagnol K.L., Nornberg B.F., Lopes F.M., Tesser M.B., Marins L.F. (2020). The inclusion of a transgenic probiotic expressing recombinant phytase in a diet with a high content of vegetable matter markedly improves growth performance and the expression of growth-related genes and other selected genes in zebrafish. Aquaculture, 519: 734878.
Santos L., Ramos F. (2018). Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: Current knowledge and alternatives to tackle the problem. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 52(2): 135-143.
Senthil Kumar S., Sheik Mohideen S. (2024). Chitosan-coated probiotic nanoparticles mitigate acrylamide-induced toxicity in the Drosophila model. Scientific Reports, 14(1): 21182.
Siong T.E., Hardinsyah Su C.A.S. (2021). Status of probiotic regulations in Southeast Asia countries. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 27(3): 507-530.
?li?ewska K., Chlebicz-Wójcik A. (2020). Growth kinetics of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in the alternative, cost-efficient semi-solid fermentation medium. Biology, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology 9120423
Stratta L., Capozzi L.C., Franzino S., Pisano R. (2020). Economic analysis of a freeze-drying cycle. Processes, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8111399
Subramani T., Ganapathyswamy H. (2020). An overview of liposomal nano-encapsulation techniques and its applications in food and nutraceutical. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(10): 3545-3555.
Sumon T.A., Hussain M.A., Sumon M.A.A., Jang W.J., Abellan F.G., Sharifuzzaman S.M., Brown C.L., Lee E.-W., Kim C.-H., Hasan M.T. (2022). Functionality and prophylactic role of probiotics in shellfish aquaculture. Aquaculture Reports, 25: 101220.
Sun Q., Yin S., He Y., Cao Y., Jiang C. (2023). Biomaterials and encapsulation techniques for probiotics: Current Status and future prospects in biomedical applications. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 13(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano 13152185
Tabassum T., Sofi Uddin Mahamud A.G.M., Acharjee T.K., Hassan R., Akter Snigdha T., Islam T., Alam R., Khoiam M.U., Akter F., Azad M.R., Al Mahamud M.A., Ahmed G.U., Rahman T. (2021). Probiotic supplementations improve growth, water quality, hematology, gut microbiota and intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia. Aquaculture Reports, 21: 100972.
Tahiluddin A., Terzi, E. (2021). An overview of fisheries and aquaculture in the Philippines. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(4): 475-486.
Tan C., McClements D.J. (2021). Application of advanced emulsion technology in the food industry: A review and Critical Evaluation. Foods, 10(4). https://doi.org/ 10.3390 /foods10040812
Terpou A., Papadaki A., Lappa I.K., Kachrimanidou V., Bosnea L.A., Kopsahelis N. (2019). Probiotics in food systems: Significance and emerging strategies towards improved viability and delivery of enhanced beneficial value. Nutrients, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390 /nu11071591
Toledo N., Ferrer J., Bórquez R. (2010). Drying and storage stability of a probiotic strain incorporated into a fish feed formulation. Drying Technology, 28(4): 508-516.
Torres-Maravilla E., Parra M., Maisey K., Vargas R.A., Cabezas-Cruz A., Gonzalez A., Tello M., Bermúdez-Humarán L.G. (2024). Importance of probiotics in fish aquaculture: Towards the identification and design of novel probiotics. Microorganisms, 12(3).
Tyagi N., Gidlöf Z., Osanlóo D.T., Collier E.S., Kadekar S., Ringstad L., Fureby A.M., Roos S. (2023). The impact of formulation and freeze drying on the properties and performance of freeze-dried Limosilactobacillus reuteri R2LC. Applied Microbiology, 3(4): 1370-1387.
Valle-Vargas M.F., Ruiz-Pardo R.Y., Villamil-Díaz L., Quintanilla-Carvajal M.X. (2023). Production of a potential multistrain probiotic in co-culture conditions using agro-industrial by-products-based medium for fish nutrition. BMC Biotechnology, 23(1): 54.
Valle Vargas M.F., Villamil Diaz L.M., Ruiz Pardo R.Y., Quintanilla Carvajal M.X. (2024). Design of an agro-industrial by-products-based media for the production of probiotic bacteria for fish nutrition. Scientific Reports, 14(1): 17955.
van Hai N., Fotedar R. (2010). A review of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 22(3): 251-266.
Vázquez J.A., Durán A., Nogueira M., Menduíña A., Antunes J., Freitas A.C., Gomes A.M. (2020). Production of Marine Probiotic Bacteria in a Cost-Effective Marine Media Based on Peptones Obtained from Discarded Fish By-Products. Microorganisms, 8(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081121
Vivek K., Mishra S., Pradhan R.C., Nagarajan M., Kumar P.K., Singh S.S., Manvi D., Gowda N.A.N. (2023). A comprehensive review on microencapsulation of probiotics: Technology, carriers and current trends. Applied Food Research, 3(1), 100248.
von Wright A. (2005). Regulating the safety of probiotics--the European approach. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 11(1): 17-23.
Waiyamitra P., Zoral M.A., Saengtienchai A., Luengnaruemitchai A., Decamp O., Gorgoglione B., Surachetpong W. (2020). Probiotics modulate tilapia resistance and immune response against tilapia lake virus infection. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 9(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110919
Wang S.-J., Zhong J.-J. (2007). Chapter 6 - Bioreactor Engineering. In: S.-T. Yang (Ed.), Bioprocessing for Value-Added Products from Renewable Resources. Elsevier. pp: 131-161..
Wang X., Gao S., Yun S., Zhang M., Peng L., Li Y., Zhou Y. (2022). Microencapsulating alginate-based polymers for probiotics delivery systems and their application. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 15(5).
Wang X., Wang L., Wei X., Xu C., Cavender G., Lin W., Sun S. (2025). Invited review: Advances in yogurt development—Microbiological safety, quality, functionality, sensory evaluation, and consumer perceptions across different dairy and plant-based alternative sources. Journal of Dairy Science, 108(1): 33-58.
Wang Y., Liang Q., Lu B., Shen H., Liu S., Shi Y., Leptihn S., Li H., Wei J., Liu C., Xiao H., Zheng X., Liu C., Chen H. (2021). Whole-genome analysis of probiotic product isolates reveals the presence of genes related to antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and toxic metabolites, posing potential health risks. BMC Genomics, 22(1): 210.
Waqas S., Bilad M.R., Man Z., Wibisono Y., Jaafar J., Indra Mahlia T.M., Khan A.L., Aslam M. (2020). Recent progress in integrated fixed-film activated sludge process for wastewater treatment: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 268: 110718.
Wei X.-F., Meng S.-T., Wang Y.-T., Li L., Zhu R., Li D.-L., Liu S.-Y., Wu L.-F. (2024). Effects of replacing fish meal with biofloc meal on growth performance, nutrients metabolism, immune response and intestinal microbiota of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture, 591: 741124.
Wendel U. (2022). Assessing viability and stress tolerance of probiotics—A review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12(January): 1-16.
Wirunpan M., Savedboworn W., Wanchaitanawong P. (2016). Survival and shelf life of Lactobacillus lactis 1464 in shrimp feed pellet after fluidized bed drying. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 50(1): 1-7.
Wuertz S., Schroeder A., Wanka K.M. (2021). Probiotics in Fish Nutrition—Long-Standing Household Remedy or Native Nutraceuticals? Water, 13(10). https://doi.org/ 10.3390/w13101348
Xie D. (2022). Continuous biomanufacturing with microbes — upstream progresses and challenges. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 78. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102793
Xiong Y., Chen X., Li F., Chen Z., Qin Z. (2022). Zebrafish larvae acute toxicity test: A promising alternative to the fish acute toxicity test. Aquatic Toxicology, 246, 106143.
Yang S., Wei S., Wu Y., Fang Y., Deng Z., Xu J., Zhang H. (2024). Encapsulation techniques, action mechanisms, and evaluation models of probiotics: Recent advances and future prospects. Food Frontiers, 5(3): 1212-1239.
Yang Z., Zhang Z. (2018). Engineering strategies for enhanced production of protein and bio-products in Pichia pastoris: A review. Biotechnology Advances, 36(1): 182-195.
Yaslikan N.M., Yaminudin J., Rasdi N.W., Karim M. (2023). Microfeed incorporated with probiotic for aquaculture: A review. World’s Veterinary Journal, 13(4): 595-605.
Zaviši? G., Popovi? M., Stojkov S., Medi? D., Gusman V., Jovanovi? Lješkovi? N., Jovanovi? Galovi? A. (2023). Antibiotic resistance and probiotics: knowledge gaps, market overview and preliminary screening. antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ antibiotics12081281
Zhang Y., Feng S., Zhu L., Li M., Xiang X. (2023). Population dynamics of Brachionus calyciflorus driven by the associated natural bacterioplankton. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13(January): 1-17.
Zhu S., Shen J., Ruan Y., Guo X., Ye Z., Deng Y., Shi M. (2016). The effects of different seeding ratios on nitrification performance and biofilm formation in marine recirculating aquaculture system biofilter. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 23(14): 14540-14548.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Aquatic Biology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
