Histopathological changes in the skin and gut mucus layers of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis inactivated by gamma rays and formalin

Marzieh Heidarieh; Fatemeh Ramezani Nowrozani; Mahdi Banaee; Amin Gholamhosseini; Hassan Heidarieh; Amir Ali Shahbazfar; Mohammad Karimi

doi:10.22034/ijab.v11i5.1916

Authors

Marzieh Heidarieh Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
Fatemeh Ramezani Nowrozani Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran.
Mahdi Banaee Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
Amin Gholamhosseini
[email protected]
Division of Aquatic Animal Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
Hassan Heidarieh Division of Aquatic Animal Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
Amir Ali Shahbazfar Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
Mohammad Karimi Division of Aquatic Animal Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

Vol. 11 No. 5 (2023): October

Articles

October 25, 2023

Downloads

PDF

Abstract
How to Cite
Metrics
References
License

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a protozoan parasite, is a significant problem for fish farmers and Aquarium fish worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the immunization of rainbow trout with gamma-irradiated, formalin inactive, and live theronts of I. multifiliis. In this study, fish were exposed to gamma-irradiated, formalin-inactivated, and live I. multifiliis theronts. Then, the histopathological changes in the mucous layers of the skin and intestines were studied after 7 and 14 days of exposure. Although no significant morphological changes were observed in the skin and intestines of the treated fish, the number of skin goblet cells increased significantly in fish treated with formalin-inactivated, gamma-inactivated, and live trophonts on 7 and 14 days. Compared to the negative control group, an increase in epidermal thickness on the skin was observed in fish challenged with formalin-inactivated, gamma-inactivated, and live trophonts. The numbers of mucous cells/total enterocytes in the intestinal epithelium of fish exposed to gamma-irradiated, formalin-inactivated, and trophonts live were higher than in non-infected fish. Moreover, a significant increase was found in the mucous cell numbers of the pyloric fold in treated fish with gamma-irradiated and formalin inactive trophonts at the first and second weeks. The results showed that the gamma-irradiated trophonts and formalin inactive trophonts could be safe for use in rainbow trout against I. multifiliis.

Heidarieh, M., Ramezani Nowrozani, F., Banaee, M., Gholamhosseini, A., Heidarieh, H., Shahbazfar, A. A., & Karimi, M. (2023). Histopathological changes in the skin and gut mucus layers of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis inactivated by gamma rays and formalin. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 11(5), 431–438. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijab.v11i5.1916

Download Citation

Buchmann K. (2020). Immune response to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and role of IgT. Parasite Immunology, 42: e12675.

Cross M. L. (1993). Immune carp Cyprinus carpio. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 17: 159-164.

Dickerson H.W., Findly R.C. (2014). Immunity to Ichthyophthirius infections in fish: A synopsis. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 43: 290-299.

Grøntvedt R.N., Espelid S. (2003). Immunoglobulin producing cells in the spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen): localization in adults and during juvenile development. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 27: 569-578.

Hansson G.C. (2012). Role of mucus layers in gut infection and inflammation. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 15: 57-62.

Heidarieh M., Akbari M., Unger H. (2021). Differential MHC-?, IL-8 and IgM genes expression in the liver, head Kidney and gill tissues of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immunized by inactive trophonts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. International Journal of Radiation Research, 19: 955-962.

Heidarieh M., Daryalal F., Mirvaghefi A.R., Shahbazfar A.A., Moodi S., Heidarieh H. (2014). Histopathological alterations in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), induced by irradiated alginic acid. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 30(3): 543-545.

Heidarieh M., Diallo A., Moodi S., Taghinejad V., Akbari M., Monfaredan A. (2015). Gene expression analysis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin: immunological responses to radiovaccine against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire, 166: 233-42.

Heidarieh M., Rad M.H., Mirvaghefi A.R., Diallo A., Mousavi S., Sheikhzadeh N., Shahbazfar A.A. (2014). Effect of gamma irradiation on inactivation of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts and its efficacy on host response in experimentally immunized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 38: 388-393.

Henrikson R.C., Matoltsy A.G. (1967). The fine structure of teleost epidermis: I. Introduction and filament-containing cells. Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 21: 194-212.

Holm H., Santi N., Kjøglum S., Perisic N., Skugor S., Evensen Ø. (2015). Difference in skin immune responses to infection with salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) of families selected for resistance and susceptibility. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 42: 384-394.

Lieke T., Meinelt T., Hoseinifar S.H., Pan B., Straus D.L., Steinberg C.E. (2020). Sustainable aquaculture requires environmental?friendly treatment strategies for fish diseases. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12: 943-965.

Myint P. (2018). Application of gamma irradiation knowledge in tissue sterilisation: Inactivation of malaria parasite. Cell and Tissue Banking, 19: 197-200.

Ringø E., Olsen R.E., Gifstad T.Ø., Dalmo R.A., Amlund H., Hemre G.I., Bakke A.M. (2010). Prebiotics in aquaculture: a review. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16: 117-136.

Santos M.A., Jerônimo G.T., Cardoso L., Tancredo K.R., Medeiros P.B., Ferrarezi J.V., Martins M.L. (2017). Parasitic fauna and histopathology of farmed freshwater ornamental fish in Brazil. Aquaculture, 470: 103-109.

Schroers V., van der Marel M., Neuhaus H., Steinhagen D. (2009). Changes of intestinal mucus glycoproteins after peroral application of Aeromonas hydrophila to common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture, 288: 184-189.

Sigh J., Lindenstrøm T., Buchmann K. (2004). Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during an infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 17: 75-86.

Syahputra K., Kania P.W., Al-Jubury A., Marnis H., Setyawan A.C., Buchmann K. (2019). Differential immune gene response in gills, skin, and spleen of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss infected by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. PLoS One, 14: e0218630.

Ventura M.T., Paperna I. (1985). Histopathology of Ichthyophthirim multifiliis infections in fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 27: 185-203.

Von Gersdorff Jørgensen L. (2017). The fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis–host immunology, vaccines and novel treatments. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 67: 586-595.

Wang Q., Yu Y., Zhang X., Xu Z. (2019). Immune responses of fish to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich): A model for understanding immunity against protozoan parasites. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 93: 93-102.

Wells P.R., Cone D.K. (1990). Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G. salmonis (Monogenea) on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Fish Biology, 37: 599-603.

Xu D.H., Klesius P.H., Shoemaker, C.A. (2009). Effect of immunization of channel catfish with inactivated trophonts on serum and cutaneous antibody titers and survival against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 26: 614-618.

Yu Y.Y., Kong W., Yin Y.X., Dong F., Huang Z.Y., Yin G.M., Xu Z. (2018). Mucosal immunoglobulins protect the olfactory organ of teleost fish against parasitic infection. PLoS Pathogens, 14: e1007251.

Yu Y.Y., Ding L.G., Huang Z.Y., Xu H.Y., Xu Z. (2021). Commensal bacteria?immunity crosstalk shapes mucosal homeostasis in teleost fish. Reviews in Aquaculture, 13: 2322-2343.

Zhang Q., Xu D.H., Klesius P.H. (2013). Evaluation of an antiparasitic compound extracted from Galla chinensis against fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Veterinary Parasitology, 198: 45-53.