Response of the peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase (pAPX) gene in aquatic plants, Hydrilla verticillata and Lemna minor, to cadmium, lead, and nickel stress
Downloads
In plants, the pAPX gene is an important enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, lowering the level of oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine how the pAPX gene in Hydrilla verticillata and Limna minor react to heavy metal stress. Different concentrations of cadmium (0.5, 2, and 4 ppm), lead (0.5, 5, and 10 ppm), and nickel (1, 5, and 10 ppm) were used in addition to the control. Genefold was measured. The treatment with Cadmium slowed plant growth significantly more than treatments with lead and nickel, and it also caused a greater accumulation of the pAPX gene. The nickel treatment was significant in increasing by a factor of more than one other metal (Cd and Pb). The fold change showed increased values in all cadmium, lead, and nickel treatments compared to the control. The recorded value of nickel was higher than that of lead, followed by cadmium. The conclusion was that nickel significantly enhanced the response to gene expression. These results can provide a deeper understanding of the role of the pAPX gene in protecting plants from oxidative stress caused by heavy metals. O2 lowers the levels of oxidative stress.
Downloads
Abdali S.A., Al-Haidarey M.J.S. (2022). Identification of lipid compounds in the plant of Ceratophyllum demersum using two different solvents. Materials Today: Proceedings, 60: 1596-1605.
Ahmed M.B., Zhou J.L., Ngo H.H., Guo W., Thomaidis N.S., Xu J. (2017). Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: A critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 323: 274-298.
Al-Abboodi A.K. (2023). Parasitological contamination of raw vegetables collected from selected local markets in Maysan Province, South of Iraq. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 44(2).
Al-Enazi M.S., Lazim I.I., Ali H.H. (2022). Ability of Cyperus papyrus in the bioaccumulation of some heavy elements in the Shatt Al-Basrah canal, Iraq. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(3): 603-609.
Ali H.H., Al-Asady R.K.A., Alzurfi S.K.L. (2023). Effects of environmental parameters on diatoms community of the Euphrates River system. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 11(5): 478-489.
Ali H.H., Fayed M.I., Lazim I.I. (2022). Use of aquatic plants in removing pollutants and treating the wastewater: A review. Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural Sciences, 10(2): 61-70.
Al-Mayah A.A., Al-Edani T.Y.M., Al-Asadi W.M.T. (2016). Ecology and flora of Basrah. Ed. Al-Mayah, English and Arabic. Jeekor Ltd. 686 p.
Alrashedi H.S., Al-Ataie S.S.K., Banoon S.R., Fayed M.I. (2021). Potential role of medicinal plants for the treatment of respiratory viruses: A review. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 64(12): 7495-7508.
Al-Saadi H.A., Al-Mayah A.R.A. (1983). Aquatic plants of Iraq. Centre for Gulf, University of Basrah. No. 52.
Al-Zurfi S.K.L., Al-Tabatabai H.H.M. (2020). Aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) roles in bioaccumulation of heavy metals. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 51(2).
Al-Zurfi S.K.L., Alausawi S.A., Abojassim A.A., Mraity H.A.A., Almusa K.S. (2024). Temporal and spatial variation of some heavy metals in limnology environment. In: Fifth International Conference on Green Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development (GEESD 2024), 13279: 818-829.
Al-Zurfi S.K.L., Alisaw A.Y., Al-Shafai G.A.A. (2018a). Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals by the aquatic plant lemnagibba in vitro. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 11(10): 4229-4236.
Al-Zurfi S.K.L., Alisaw A.Y., Al-Shafai G.A.A. (2018b). Anatomical and physiological effects of cadmium in aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata. Plant Archives, 18(1): 839-846.
Al-Zurfi S.K.L., Al-Tabatabai H.H.M., Abojassim A.A. (2021). Cadmium metal effects physiological and anatomical variations for aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. Plant Physiology Reports, 26: 457-465.
Alzurfi S.K.L., Rabeea M.A.A., Algburi J.B., Ibrahimi N.N., Al-Haidarey M.J.S. (2019). Identification lipid compounds of aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata (Linn. F.) Royal. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 12(11): 5621-5626.
Alzurfi S.K., Alasadi K., Alausawi S.A. (2018). Assessment of water quality status of Euphrates from Hindiya dam to Mishkab Regulator-Iraq. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 11(1): 09-16.
Angulo-Bejarano P.I., Puente-Rivera J., Cruz-Ortega R. (2021). Metal and metalloid toxicity in plants: An overview on molecular aspects. Plants, 10(4): 635.
Benouis K., Khane Y., Ahmed T., Albukhaty S., Banoon S.R. (2022). Valorization of diatomaceous earth as a sustainable eco-coagulant for wastewater treatment: optimization by response surface methodology. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 65(9): 777-788.
Caverzan A., Passaia G., Rosa S.B., Ribeiro C.W., Lazzarotto F., Margis-Pinheiro M. (2012). Plant responses to stresses: Role of ascorbate peroxidase in the antioxidant protection. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 35(4 suppl 1): 1011-1019.
Cruz Y., Villar S., Gutiérrez K., Montoya-Ruiz C., Gallego J.L., Delgado M.D.P., Saldarriaga J.F. (2021). Gene expression and morphological responses of Lolium perenne L. exposed to cadmium (Cd2+) and mercury (Hg2+). Scientific Reports, 11(1): 11257.
Dumanovi? J., Nepovimova E., Nati? M., Ku?a K., Ja?evi? V. (2021). The significance of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense system in plants: A concise overview. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11: 552969.
El-Esawi M.A., Alayafi A.A. (2019). Overexpression of rice Rab7 gene improves drought and heat tolerance and increases grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Genes, 10(1), 56.
Fadhil A.A., Mohammed S.J., Al-abboodi A. (2023). Morphological responses of plants to air pollutants: A comparative study on leaf changes in five species. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 10: 286-293
Gill S.S., Tuteja N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant physiology and Biochemistry, 48(12): 909-930.
Gonçalves A.L., Pires J.C., Simões M. (2017). A review on the use of microalgal consortia for wastewater treatment. Algal Research, 24: 403-415.
Hasanuzzaman M., Bhuyan M.B., Anee T.I., Parvin K., Nahar K., Mahmud J.A., Fujita M. (2019). Regulation of ascorbate-glutathione pathway in mitigating oxidative damage in plants under abiotic stress. Antioxidants, 8(9): 384.
Hasanuzzaman M., Bhuyan M.B., Zulfiqar F., Raza A., Mohsin S.M., Mahmud J.A., Fotopoulos V. (2020). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense in plants under abiotic stress: Revisiting the crucial role of a universal defense regulator. Antioxidants, 9(8): 681.
Hossain M.A., Piyatida P., da Silva J.A.T., Fujita M. (2012). Molecular mechanism of heavy metal toxicity and tolerance in plants: central role of glutathione in detoxification of reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal and in heavy metal chelation. Journal of Botany, 2012(1): 872875.
Jadia C.D., Fulekar M.H. (2009). Phytoremediation of heavy metals: recent techniques. African journal of biotechnology, 8(6).
Jomova K., Cvik M., Lauro P., Valko M., Cizmar E., Alomar S.Y., ... Rhodes C.J. (2023). The role of redox active copper (II) on antioxidant properties of the flavonoid baicalein: DNA protection under Cu (II)-Fenton reaction and Cu (II)-ascorbate system conditions. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 245: 112244.
Kamel L.H., Al-Zurfi S.K.L., Mahmood M.B. (2022). Investigation of heavy metals pollution in Euphrates River (Iraq) by using heavy metal pollution index model. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1029(1): 012034
Kamel L.H., Mahmood M.B., Al-zurfi S.K. (2023). Applying geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Euphrates River, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science, 1093-1108.
Khan M.I.R., Khan N.A. (2017). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant systems in plants: role and regulation under abiotic stress. Singapore: Springer Singapore. DOI:10.1007/978-981-10-5254-5
Krishnaraj C., Jagan E.G., Ramachandran R., Abirami S.M., Mohan N., Kalaichelvan P.T. (2012). Effect of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles on Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst. plant growth metabolism. Process biochemistry, 47(4): 651-658.
Lawi Z.K.K., Merza F.A., Banoon S.R., Jabber Al-Saady M.A.A., Al-Abboodi A. (2021). Mechanisms of antioxidant actions and their role in many human diseases: A Review. Journal of Chemical Health Risks, 11.
Li S. (2023). Novel insight into functions of ascorbate peroxidase in higher plants: More than a simple antioxidant enzyme. Redox Biology, 64: 102789.
Livak K.J., Schmittgen T.D. (2001). Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2???CT Method. Methods, 25(4): 402-408.
Malik S., Ashraf M. (2012). Exogenous application of ascorbic acid stimulates growth and photosynthesis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought. Soil and Environment, 31(1).
Mansoor S., Ali A., Kour N., Bornhorst J., AlHarbi K., Rinklebe J., Chung Y.S. (2023). Heavy metal induced oxidative stress mitigation and ROS scavenging in plants. Plants, 12(16): 3003.
Mohammadian M.A., Largani Z.K., Sajedi R.H. (2012). Quantitative and qualitative comparison of antioxidant activity in the flavedo tissue of three cultivars of citrus fruit under cold stress. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 6(3): 402-406.
Mohammed S.J., Fadhil A.A., Ali H.H. (2023). Seasonal dynamics of heavy metal uptake in some aquatic plants of the Tigris River. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 11(6): 577-582.
Pfaffl M.W. (2001). A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Research, 29(9): 45e-445.
Qahtan M.T., Al-Zurfi S.K.L. (2025). Polystyrene nanoplastics’ toxicological effects in Chlorella vulgaris under various spectrum. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3303(1): 070010
Radfard M., Hashemi H., Baghapour M.A., Samaei M.R., Yunesian M., Soleimani H., Azhdarpoor A. (2023). Prediction of human health risk and disability-adjusted life years induced by heavy metals exposure through drinking water in Fars Province, Iran. Scientific Reports, 13(1): 19080.
Raja V., Majeed U., Kang H., Andrabi K.I., John R. (2017). Abiotic stress: Interplay between ROS, hormones and MAPKs. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 137: 142-157.
Rizhsky L., Davletova S., Liang H., Mittler R. (2004). The zinc finger protein Zat12 is required for cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase 1 expression during oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(12): 11736-11743.
Salman I.R., Rasheed A.A., Hassan S.A.D.H., Hussein R.A., Al-Saady M. (2025). Automated aquatic biodiversity monitoring using deep learning on the Tigris River: Species identification and ecosystem assessment. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 13(1): 30-40.
Smirnoff N., Arnaud D. (2018). Hydrogen peroxide metabolism and functions in plants. New Phytologist, 221(3): 1197-1214.
Soliman M., Qari S.H., Abu-Elsaoud A., El-Esawi M., Alhaithloul H., Elkelish A. (2020). Rapid green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from blue gum augment growth and performance of maize, fenugreek, and onion by modulating plants cellular antioxidant machinery and genes expression. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 42: 1-16.
Wu J., Zhang H., Liu L., Li W., Wei Y., Shi S. (2016). Validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR studies of gene expression in preharvest and postharvest longan fruits under different experimental conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7: 780.
Zhu C., Tian H., Cheng K., Liu K., Wang K., Hua S., Gao J., Zhou J. (2016). Potentials of whole process control of heavy metals emissions from coal-fired power plants in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114: 343-351.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Aquatic Biology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
