Population dynamics of three Epinephelus groupers in the Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia
Downloads
Groupers of the genus Epinephelus play important roles in coastal ecosystems and small-scale fisheries. Market demand has driven intensive exploitation, threatening stock status and coastal community livelihoods if these valuable fisheries are poorly managed. This research on grouper population dynamics in Kwandang Bay, on the Sulawesi Sea coast of Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia, focused on three Epinephelus species: E. fasciatus, E. faveatus, and E. ongus. The mean length at first maturity (Lm50) was estimated using the Spearman-Karber formula, and population dynamics parameters were estimated through Response Surface Analysis using the ELEFAN I suite in FISAT II. Catches of all three species were dominated by juveniles with total length TL < Lm50. The respective asymptotic lengths (TL?) for E. fasciatus, E. faveatus, and E. ongus were 47.52, 53.50, and 52 cm, with von Bertalanffy growth coefficient K values of 0.49. 0.54 and 0.53, respectively. Natural and fishing mortality estimates were 1.01/year-1 and 1.23/year-1 for E. fasciatus, 1.05/year-1 and 2.00/year-1 for E. faveatus, and 1.04/year-1 and 2.44/year-1 for E. ongus. The Beverton and Holt yield per recruit analysis indicates overexploitation with respective exploitation rates (E) of 0.55/year-1, 0.66/year-1, and 0.70/year-1, all exceeding Emax = 0.37/year-1. Recommendations include setting minimum legal size limits (above 25 cm for E. fasciatus and E. faveatus, 26 cm for E. ongus), as well as reductions in fishing effort of 31% for E. fasciatus, 42% for E. faveatus, and 46% for E. ongus.
Downloads
Achmad D.S., Ali S.A., Sudirman., Indar Y.N. (2019). The gonad maturity development and spawning season of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) at Kwandang Bay, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 12(2): 642-649.
Achmad D.S., Sudirman., Jompa J., Nurdin M.S. (2020). Estimating the catchable size of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) in Kwandang Bay, Gorontalo Utara District, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 473: 012133.
Achmad D.S., Nurdin M.S., Yasin I.A., Indrianti M.A., Mokoginta M.M., Fahrullah, Suparwata D.O., Gobel., Atika Y., Djibran M.M., Mokoolang S. (2021). A preliminary study on the size structure and sex ratio of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides Hamilton, 1822) harvested from Kwandang Bay, Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia. Aceh Journal of Animal Science, 6(2): 34-38.
Achmad D.S., Gani S., Ardiansyah W., Mokoginta M.M., Nurdin M.S., Jompa J., Indrianti M.A., Achmad N. (2022). Population dynamics of reef fish in the Kwandang Bay, Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(10): 5217-5226.
Achmad D.S., Nurdin M.S., Azmi F., Indrianti M.A., Hulukati E., Jompa J., Haser T.F., Achmad N. (2023). Species composition and growth pattern of a multi-species grouper in Kwandang Bay, Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 15(1): 31-43.
Achmad D.S., Nurdin M.S., Jompa J., Taslim I., Sari N. (2023). Minimum legal size of commercially important groupers in the Coral Triangle Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1272: 012019.
Achmad D.S., Nurdin M.S., Taslim I., Moore A.M. (2023). Population structure of commercially important groupers in the coral triangle Gorontalo, Indonesia to support conservation. Biodiversitas, 24(12): 6592-6601.
Achmad D.S., Nurdin M.S., Tilome A.A., Moore A.M. (2024). Population dynamics of Variola albimarginata Baissac, 1953 and Variola louti Fabricius, 1775 (Perciformes?: Serranidae) in Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 25(3): 978-989.
Amorim P., Sousa P., Jardim E., Menezes G.M. (2019). Sustainability Status of Data-Limited Fisheries: Global Challenges for Snapper and Grouper. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6(654): 1-17.
Amorim P., Sousa P., Jardim E., Azevedo M., Menezes G.M. (2020). Length-frequency data approaches to evaluate snapper and grouper fisheries in the Java Sea, Indonesia. Fisheries Research, 229(March): 105576.
Andriyono S., Damora A., Hidayani A.A. (2020). Genetic diversity and phylogenetic reconstruction of grouper (Serranidae) from Sunda Land, Indonesia. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 24(3): 403-415.
Anjali K.M., Mandal A., Gunalan B., Ruban L., Anandajothi E., Thineshsanthar D., Manojkumar T.G., Kandan S. (2019). Identification of six grouper species under the genus Epinephelus (Bloch, 1793) from Indian waters using PCR-RFLP of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene fragment. Food Control, 101(February), 39-44.
Artero C., Koenig C.C., Marsh J.E. (2023). Are the coastal waters of French Guiana a source or sink habitat for Atlantic Goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara? Fishes, 8(5): 274.
Ault J.S., Smith S.G., Bohnsack J.A., Luo J., Stevens M.H., DiNardo G.T., Johnson M.W., Bryan D.R. (2019). Length-based risk analysis for assessing sustainability of data-limited tropical reef fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 76(1): 165-180.
Babcock R.C., Dambacher J.M., Morello E.B., Plagányi É.E., Hayes K.R., Sweatman H.P.A., Pratchett M.S. (2016). Assessing different causes of Crown-of-Thorns starfish outbreaks and appropriate responses for management on the great barrier reef. PLoS ONE, 11(12): 1-20.
Basith A., Abinawanto A., Kusrini E., Yasman Y. (2021). Genetic diversity analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction of groupers Epinephelus spp. from Madura Island, Indonesia based on partial sequence of CO1 gene. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(10): 4282-4290.
Ben?Hasan A., Walters C., Hordyk A., Christensen V., Al?Husaini M. (2021). Alleviating Growth and Recruitment Overfishing through Simple Management Changes: Insights from an Overexploited Long?Lived Fish. Marine and Coastal Fisheries, 13(2): 87-98.
Beverton R.J.H., Holt S.J. (1957). On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations (Facsimile). Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2106-4
Beverton R.J.H., Holt S.J. (1964). Manual of methods for fish stock assessment. Part 2. Tables of yield functions, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 38. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Boelter J.P., Silva F.C., Quimbayo J.P., Floeter S.R. (2024). Broken expectations: Population decline of a key grouper species within a 30-year-old no-take MPA in the Southwestern Atlantic. Ocean and Coastal Management, 257: 107318.
Buchholz-Sørensen M., Vella A. (2016). Population structure, genetic diversity, effective population size, demographic history and regional connectivity patterns of the endangered Dusky Grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Teleostei: Serranidae), within Malta’s fisheries management zone. PLOS ONE, 11(7): e0159864.
Bulanin U., Masrizal M., Muchlisin Z.A. (2017). Length-weight relationships and condition factors of the whitespotted grouper Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus in the coastal waters of Padang City, Indonesia. Aceh Journal of Animal Science, 2(1): 23-27.
Burton M.L., Potts J.C., Carr D.R. (2015). Age, growth, and natural mortality of yellowfin grouper (Mycteroperca venenosa) from the southeastern United States. PeerJ, 3(7): e1099.
Chen X., Liu B. (2022). Biology of fishery resources. In: X. Chen, B. Liu (Eds.), Biology of Fishery Resources. Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007 /978-981-16-6948-4
Chong-Montenegro C., Kindsvater H.K. (2022). Demographic Consequences of small-scale fisheries for two sex-changing groupers of the tropical Eastern Pacific. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10(March): 850006.
Chuenpagdee R., Jentoft S. (2019). Transdisciplinarity for Small-Scale Fisheries Governance. In: R. Chuenpagdee, S. Jentoft (Eds.), MARE Publication Series (Vol. 21, Issue December 2018). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94938-3
Costello C., Ovando D., Clavelle T., Kent Strauss C., Hilborn R., Melnychuk M.C., Branch T.A., Gaines S.D., Szuwalski C.S., Cabral R.B., Rader D.N., Leland A. (2016). Global fishery prospects under contrasting management regimes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(18): 5125-5129.
Cowan Z.L., Pratchett M., Messmer V., Ling S. (2017). Known predators of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster spp.) and their role in mitigating, if not preventing, population outbreaks. Diversity, 9(1): 1-19.
Croll J.C., van Kooten T., de Roos A.M. (2023). The consequences of density-dependent individual growth for sustainable harvesting and management of fish stocks. Fish and Fisheries, 24(3): 427-438.
Dimarchopoulou D., Mous P.J., Firmana E., Wibisono E., Coro G., Humphries A.T. (2021). Exploring the status of the Indonesian deep demersal fishery using length-based stock assessments. Fisheries Research, 243(April): 106089.
Dwifajri S., Tapilatu R.F., Pranata B., Kusuma A.B. (2022). Molecular phylogeny of grouper of Epinephelus genus in Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia inferred from Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene. Biodiversitas, 23(3): 1449-1456.
Efendi D.S., Adrianto L., Yonvitner Wardiatno Y., Agustina S. (2020). The performance of stock indicators of grouper (Serranidae) and snapper (Lutjanidae) fisheries in Saleh Bay, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 13(5): 2431-2444.
Ernaningsih., Jamal M., Hasnidar., Hadijah S. (2022). Population parameters and eksploitation rate of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) in the Spermonde Islands of South Sulawesi. BAWAL Widya Riset Perikanan Tangkap, 14(1): 1-9.
Ernawati T., Agustina S., Kembaren D.D., Yulianto I., Satria F. (2021). Life history parameters and spawning potential ratio of some reef fish species in fisheries management area 715 of Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 14(5): 3092-3103.
Fadli N., Damora A., Muchlisin Z.A., Dewiyanti I., Ramadhaniaty M., Nur F.M., Batubara A.S., Razi N.M., Macusi E.D., Siti-Azizah M.N. (2022). Biodiversity of commercially important groupers (Epinephelidae) in Aceh, Indonesia: A checklist. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 956: 012015.
Fadli N., Damora A., Muchlisin Z.A., Dewiyanti I., Ramadhaniaty M., Zhelfi Z., Roka N.F., Fitriani F., Rusdi M., Nur F.M., Batubara A.S., Siti-Azizah M.N. (2021). A preliminary study on biological aspects of the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) harvested in the northern coast of Aceh, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 674: 012085.
Fatma F., Mallawa A., Najamuddin N., Zainuddin M., Ayyub F.R. (2021). A study of brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) population dynamics in Takabonerate National Park Waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(10): 4298-4307.
Fatma F., Mallawa A., Najamuddin., Zainuddin M., Ayyub F.R. (2022). Biological aspects of brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) from Taka Bonerate National Park, District of Selayar Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(2): 1140-1153.
Félix-Hackradt F.C., Hackradt C.W., García-Charton J.A. (2022). Biology and ecology of groupers. In: Biology and Ecology of Groupers. CRC Press. https://doi.org /10.1201/b20814
Fortuna C.M., Fortibuoni T., Bueno-Pardo J., Coll M., Franco A., Giménez J., Stranga Y., Peck M.A., Claver C., Brasseur S., Fernández-Corredor E., Fraschetti S., Garcia-Garin O., van Leeuwen A., Louzao M., Pedrajas A., Raicevich S., Ramírez F., Ransijn J., … Katsanevakis S. (2024). Top predator status and trends: ecological implications, monitoring and mitigation strategies to promote ecosystem-based management. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11: 1282091.
Froese R., Pauly D. (2023). FishBase, The global database of fishes.
Gayanilo F.C.J., Sparre P., Pauly D. (2005). FAO-ICLARM stock assessment tools II (FiSAT II). Revised version. User’s guide. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 8, Revised version 2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 168 p.
Gebremedhin S., Bruneel S., Getahun A., Anteneh W., Goethals P. (2021). Scientific methods to understand fish population dynamics and support sustainable fisheries management. Water, 13(4): 574.
Geist J., Hawkins S.J. (2016). Habitat recovery and restoration in aquatic ecosystems: current progress and future challenges. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 26(5): 942-962.
Hall M.R., Kocot K.M., Baughman K.W., Fernandez-Valverde S.L., Gauthier M.E.A., Hatleberg W.L., Krishnan A., McDougall C., Motti C.A., Shoguchi E., Wang T., Xiang X., Zhao M., Bose U., Shinzato C., Hisata K., Fujie M., Kanda M., Cummins S.F., … Degnan B.M. (2017). The crown-of-thorns starfish genome as a guide for biocontrol of this coral reef pest. Nature, 544(7649): 231-234.
Heemstra P., Randall J. (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Howlett S.J., Stafford R., Waller M., Antha S., Mason-Parker C. (2016). Linking protection with the distribution of grouper and habitat quality in Seychelles. Journal of Marine Biology, 7851425.
Hughes A.T., Hamilton R.J., Choat J.H., Rhodes K.L. (2020). Declining grouper spawning aggregations in Western Province, Solomon Islands, signal the need for a modified management approach. PLOS ONE, 15(3): e0230485.
Humphries A.T., Gorospe K.D., Carvalho P.G., Yulianto I., Kartawijaya T., Campbell S.J. (2019). Catch composition and selectivity of fishing gears in a multi-species Indonesian coral reef fishery. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6: 00378.
IUCN. (2024). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2024-2.
Jackson J.B.C., Kirby M.X., Berger W.H., Bjorndal K.A., Botsford L.W., Bourque B.J., Bradbury R.H., Cooke R., Erlandson J., Estes J.A., Hughes T.P., Kidwell S., Lange C.B., Lenihan H.S., Pandolfi J.M., Peterson C.H., Steneck R.S., Tegner M.J., Warner R.R. (2001). Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science, 293: 629-637.
Jaxion-Harm J., Saunders J., Speight M.R. (2012). Distribution of fish in seagrass, mangroves and coral reefs: Life-stage dependent habitat use in Honduras. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 60(2): 683-698.
Jennings S., Reynolds J.D., Mills S.C. (1998). Life history correlates of responses to fisheries exploitation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 265: 333-339.
Jentoft S., Chuenpagdee R., Barragán-Paladines M.J., Franz N. (2017). The Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines. Vol. 14. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55074-9
Kadir N.N., Ala Husain A.A., Priosambodo D., Jamal M., Irmawati., Indrabayu., Moore A.M. (2023). Diverse and predominantly sub-adult Epinephelus sp. groupers from small-scale fisheries in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 26(6): 380-392.
Kadir N.N., Ambo Ala Husain A., Irmawati I., Priosambodo D., Jamal M., Ilyas M., Malkab A.N.I., Fasirah E., Moore A.M. (2022). Short Communication: Rare grouper Epinephelus miliaris from market surveys in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(11): 6070-6074.
Khasanah M., Kadir N.N., Jompa J. (2019). Reproductive biology of three important threatened/near-threatened groupers (Plectropomus leopardus, Epinephelus polyphekadion and Plectropomus areolatus) in eastern Indonesia and implications for management. Animals, 9: 643.
Khasanah M., Nurdin N., Sadovy de Mitcheson Y., Jompa J. (2020). Management of the grouper export trade in Indonesia. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 28(1): 1-15.
Kindsvater H.K., Reynolds J.D., Sadovy de Mitcheson Y., Mangel M. (2017). Selectivity matters: Rules of thumb for management of plate-sized, sex-changing fish in the live reef food fish trade. Fish and Fisheries, 18(5): 821-836.
King M. (2007). Fisheries biology assessment and management (2nd Editio). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Kroon F.J., Barneche D.R., Emslie M.J. (2021). Fish predators control outbreaks of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish. Nature Communications, 12: 6986.
Lamont T.A.C., Williams B., Chapuis L., Prasetya M.E., Seraphim M.J., Harding H.R., May E.B., Janetski N., Jompa J., Smith D.J., Radford A.N., Simpson S.D. (2022). The sound of recovery: Coral reef restoration success is detectable in the soundscape. Journal of Applied Ecology, 59(3): 742-756.
Lemrabott S.Y.C., van Leeuwen A., Piersma T., Braham C.B., Ball A.C., Araujo A., Olff H., El-Hacen E.H.M. (2024). The chronology of overfishing in a remote West-African coastal ecosystem. Ecology and Society, 29(1): 9.
Li T., Ding, R., Zhan, J., Zho Y., Liu C., Cao Z., Sun Y. (2024). The establishment of the multi-visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the rapid detection of Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Singapore grouper iridovirus. Fishes, 9(6): 225.
Liese C., Crosson S. (2023). Quantifying the economic effects of different fishery management regimes in two otherwise similar fisheries. PLoS ONE, 18(6), e0287250.
Ma K.Y., Craig M.T. (2018). An inconvenient monophyly: An update on the taxonomy of the groupers (Epinephelidae). Copeia, 106(3): 443-456.
Mahé K., Gentil C., Brisset B., Evano H., Lepetit C., Boymond-Morales R., Telliez S., Dussuel A., Rungassamy T., Elleboode R., MacKenzie K., Roos D. (2022). Biology of exploited groupers (Epinephelidae family) around La Réunion Island (Indian Ocean). Frontiers in Marine Science, 9: 935285.
Mehanna S.F., Osman Y.A.A., Khalil M.T., Hassan A. (2019). Age and growth, mortality and exploitation ratio of Epinephelus summana (Forsskål, 1775) and Cephalopholis argus (Schneider, 1801) from the Egyptian Red Sea coast, Hurghada fishing area. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 23(4): 65-75.
Mehanna S.F., Samy-Kamal M. (2024). Population dynamics parameters and exploitation status of 55 commercial species in Egyptian Red Sea fisheries: A key to sustainable fisheries. Fishes, 9(7): 255.
Meissa B., Quemper F., Thiaw M., Ba K., Tfeil B.M., Jallow M.S., Guitton J., Sharma R., Gascuel D. (2025). Assessment of over Four Decades the Status of White Grouper Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Population in the Eastern Central Atlantic. Fishes, 10(3): 98.
Mohammed-AbdAllah E., El-Ganainy A., Farrag M.M., Moustafa M.A., Osman A.G. (2022). Reproductive biology of greasy grouper, Epinephelus tauvina and coral hind grouper Cephalopholis miniata (Family: Serranidae) in the southern Red Sea, Shalatien, Egypt. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 10(6): 524-536.
Molloy P., Reynolds J., Gage M., Côté I. (2009). Effects of an artisanal fishery on non-spawning grouper populations. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 392: 253-262.
Mudjirahayu., Bawole R., Rembet U.N.W.J., Ananta A.S., Runtuboi F., Sala, R. (2017). Growth, mortality and exploitation rate of Plectropomus maculatus and P. oligocanthus (Groupers, Serranidae) on Cenderawasih Bay National Park, Indonesia. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 43(3): 213-218.
Murie D.J., Parkyn D.C., Koenig C.C., Coleman F.C., Malinowski C.R., Cusick J.A., Ellis R.D. (2023). Age, growth, and functional gonochorism with a twist of diandric protogyny in goliath grouper from the Atlantic Coast of Florida. Fishes, 8(8): 412.
N’Souvi K., Sun C., Rivero Rivero Y.M. (2023). Development of marine small-scale fisheries in Togo: An examination of the efficiency of fishermen at the new fishing port of Lomé and the necessity of fisheries co-management. Aquaculture and Fisheries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2023.07.009
Nadiarti N., Moore A., Abu N., Rahim S.W., Chasanah M. (2021). Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) assessment for grouper and snapper fisheries in Bontang, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 763(1): 012031.
O’Neill E.D.D., Lindahl T., Daw T., Crona B.I., Ferrer A.J., Pomeroy R. (2019). An experimental approach to exploring market responses in small-scale fishing communities. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6: 491.
Ochieng O.B., Chenje M.E., Mulwa F.B. (2015). Distribution and reproductive patterns of the Epinephelus genus groupers off Kenyan south coast marine waters. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 10(3): 159-170.
Osman A.G.M., El-Ganainy A., Abd-Allah E. (2018). Some reproductive aspects of the areolate grouper, Epinephelus areolotus from the Gulf of Suez. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 44(1): 51-56.
Pauly D. (1980). On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters, and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 39(2): 175-192.
Pham C.-V., Wang H.-C., Chen S.-H., Lee J.-M. (2023). The Threshold Effect of Overfishing on Global Fishery Outputs: International Evidence from a Sustainable Fishery Perspective. Fishes, 8(2): 71.
Pontón-Cevallos J.F., Bruneel S., Marín Jarrín J.R., Ramírez-González J., Bermúdez-Monsalve J.R., Goethals P.L.M. (2020). vulnerability and decision-making in multispecies fisheries: a risk assessment of Bacalao (Mycteroperca olfax) and Related Species in the Galapagos’ Handline Fishery. Sustainability, 12(17): 6931.
Ramadhani A., Muchlisin Z. A., Sarong M.A., Batubara A.S. (2017). Hubungan panjang berat dan faktor kondisi ikan kerapu Famili Serranidae yang tertangkap di Perairan Pulo Aceh Kabupaten Aceh Besar, Provinsi Aceh. Depik Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir Dan Perikanan, 6(2): 112-121.
Razi N.M., Muchlisin Z.A., Ramadhaniaty M., Damora A., Nur F.M., Siti-Azizah M.N., Fadli N. (2022). Diversity of commercially important grouper (Family: Epinephelidae) in Simeulue and Banyak Islands, Aceh, Indonesia. Depik Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir Dan Perikanan, 11(1): 29-33.
Richter A., Eikeset A.M., van Soest D., Diekert F.K., Stenseth N.C. (2018). Optimal management under institutional constraints: Determining a total allowable catch for different fleet segments in the Northeast Arctic Cod Fishery. Environmental and Resource Economics, 69(4): 811-835.
Ricker W. (1975). Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/108070b0
Roca Florido A., Padilla Rosa E. (2024). Analysing the impacts of a reform on harmful fishery subsidies in Spain using a social accounting matrix. Journal of Economic Structures, 13(1): 9.
Rowan N.J. (2023). The role of digital technologies in supporting and improving fishery and aquaculture across the supply chain – Quo Vadis? Aquaculture and Fisheries, 8(4): 365-374.
Sadler D.E., Watts P.C., Uusi-Heikkilä S. (2023). The Riddle of How Fisheries Influence Genetic Diversity. Fishes, 8(10): 510.
Sadovy de Mitcheson Y. (2016). Mainstreaming fish spawning aggregations into fishery management calls for a precautionary approach. BioScience, 66(4): 295-306.
Sadovy de Mitcheson Y., Colin P.L., Lindfield S.J., Bukurrou A. (2020). A Decade of Monitoring an Indo-Pacific Grouper Spawning Aggregation: Benefits of Protection and Importance of Survey Design. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7(November): 1-23.
Sadovy de Mitcheson Y., Craig M.T., Bertoncini A.A., Carpenter K.E., Cheung W.W.L., Choat J.H., Cornish A.S., Fennessy S.T., Ferreira B.P., Heemstra P.C., Liu M., Myers, R.F., Pollard D.A., Rhodes K.L., Rocha L.A., Russell B.C., Samoilys M.A., Sanciangco J. (2013). Fishing groupers towards extinction: A global assessment of threats and extinction risks in a billion dollar fishery. Fish and Fisheries, 14(2): 119-136.
Sadovy de Mitcheson Y., Linardich C., Barreiros J.P., Ralph G.M., Aguilar-Perera A., Afonso P., Erisman B.E., Pollard D.A., Fennessy S.T., Bertoncini A.A., Nair R.J., Rhodes K.L., Francour P., Brulé T., Samoilys M.A., Ferreira B.P., Craig M.T. (2020). Valuable but vulnerable: Over-fishing and under-management continue to threaten groupers so what now? Marine Policy, 116: 103909.
Sadovy Y., Domeier M. (2005). Are aggregation-fisheries sustainable? Reef fish fisheries as a case study. Coral Reefs, 24(2): 254-262.
Sala R., Tarigan R.B., Dasmasela H.Y., Parenden D., Tururaja T., Manan J., Marsaoly D.N.R., Matulessy M., Bawole R. (2022). Catch structures, growth patterns and condition factor of grouper fish (Serranidae) caught in the waters near Wayaban, Misool, Raja Ampat. AACL Bioflux, 15(1): 240-250.
Sanchez P.J., Rooker J.R. (2021). Age, growth, and mortality of threatened Warsaw grouper, Hyporthodus nigritus, in the Gulf of Mexico. Fisheries Research, 243: 106097.
Setiawan H., Fahrudin A., Kamal M.M. (2019). Analisis hubungan panjang berat pada ikan hermaphrodit?: kerapu sunu (Plectropomus leopardus) dan Kerapu Macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 19(2): 124130.
Simbolon D., Tarigan D.J., Yolanda D.F., Antika M.R. (2020). Determination of potential fishing zones of areolate grouper (Epinephelus areolatus) based on analysis of productivity, gonad maturity, and fish length in Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 13(2): 833-848.
Sitepu G.F. (2014). Biological aspect of areolate grouper (Epinephelus areolatus Forsskal, 1775) in waters of Galesong Kota Village, District Takalar. Torani (Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan), 24(2): 9-19.
Solarin S.A., Kundu P., Sahu P.K., Law J.Y. (2024). The impact of aggregated and disaggregated fisheries production and licensed fishermen on fishing grounds footprint: A time series analysis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 203: 116423.
Sparre P., Venema S.C. (1998). Introduction to tropical fish stock assessment - Part 1: Manual. In FAO.
Syukri M., Idrus M.R., Husain A.A.A., Moore A.M., Tresnati J. (2025). Analysis of maximum sustainable yield of the small-scale grouper (Serranidae) in Banggai Laut Waters to Promote Indonesian Marine Conservation. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 29(1): 695-706.
Tapilatu R.F., Tururaja T.S., Sipriyadi., Kusuma A.B. (2021). Molecular phylogeny reconstruction of grouper (Serranidae: Epinephelinae) at northern part of bird’s head seascape-Papua inferred from COI gene. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 24(5): 181-190.
Taylor M.D., Chick R.C., Lorenzen K., Agnalt A., Leberm K.M., Blankenship H.L., Haegen G., Vander, Loneragan N.R. (2017). Fisheries enhancement and restoration in a changing world. Fisheries Research, 186: 407-412.
Tirtadanu., Prihatiningsih., Yusuf H.N., Zamroni A., Amri K., Chodrijah U. (2023). Assessing the stock status of areolate grouper (Epinephelus areolatus) in Java Sea, Indonesia. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 66: 103116.
Udupa K.S. (1986). Statistical method of estimating the size at first maturity in fishes. Fishbyte, 4(2): 8-10.
Utama R.S., Renyaan J., Nurdiansah D., Makatipu P.C., Suyadi, Hapsari B.W., Rahayu E.M., Della, Sugiharto A., Akbar N. (2022). Diversity of reef fish species in presence of mangrove habitat in Ternate, North Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(10): 5184-5193.
Yildiz T., Ulman A. (2020). Analyzing gaps in policy: Evaluation of the effectiveness of minimum landing size (MLS) regulations in Turkey. Marine Policy, 115: 103829.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Aquatic Biology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
