Novel isolation of Enterococcus spp. from common carp, Cyprinus carpio in Iraq: Antibiotic resistance and susceptibility to Syzygium aromaticum
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The aquaculture industry, particularly in high-density and intensive settings, has suffered significant economic setbacks due to various bacterial diseases. Consequently, it is imperative to investigate the presence of pathogenic species, accurately identify them, and evaluate their resistance to antibiotics or natural extracts to safeguard fish populations. This study aimed to examine 120 specimens of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, collected from two cage farms along the Al Hillah River in Babil Governorate, Iraq, during August, September, and October 2023. Swabs were collected from the skin, gills, and intestines for bacterial culture, followed by isolation and identification using the VITEK 2 system. Sensitivity testing was conducted on the isolated bacteria, and the susceptibility of plant cloves, Syzygium aromaticum, was assessed as a natural extract. The findings indicated the isolation of two Enterococcus species, namely E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus, from the fish's gills, intestines, fins, and skin. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the bacteria were sensitive to the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of imipenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, while exhibiting resistance to cefoxitin and cefazolin. The susceptibility of the plant clove was evaluated using the disc diffusion method on blood agar, measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone to assess the effectiveness of alcohol-extracted clove at four concentrations: 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The results showed that S. aromaticum extract effectively inhibited infections caused by E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus, particularly at the highest concentration of 25%. The findings of this study provide compelling evidence for the existence of E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus in common carp farming in the Hilla River, marking their first isolation in Iraq. Furthermore, the research assessed the susceptibility and resistance of these bacterial strains to various commonly used antibiotics. Additionally, the investigation included an evaluation of clove extract as a botanical agent, which demonstrated antimicrobial activity against intestinal bacteria across a range of concentrations.
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